Everything about The 22nd Century Bc Drought totally explained
The
22nd century BC drought (also named
4.2 ka BP aridification event) was one of the most severe climatic events of the
Holocene period in terms of impact on cultural upheaval. Starting in ≈2200 BC, it probably lasted the entire 22nd century BC. It is very likely that it caused the collapse of the
Old Kingdom in
Egypt as well as the
Akkadian Empire in
Mesopotamia. Also, the drought may have initiated southeastward habitat tracking within the
Harappan cultural domain.
Evidence
A phase of intense aridity in ≈4.2 ka
BP is well recorded across
North Africa, the
Middle East, the
Red Sea, the
Arabian peninsula, the
Indian subcontinent, Evidence has also been found in an Italian cave flowstone, and in
Andean glacier ice.
The 22nd century BC drought also correlates with a cooling event in the
North Atlantic, known as
Bond event 3.
Aftermath
Ancient Egypt
In ca. 2150 BC the
Old Kingdom was hit by a series of exceptionally low
Nile floods, which was instrumental in the sudden collapse of centralized government in ancient Egypt. Famines, social disorder, and fragmentation during a period of approximately 40 years were followed by a phase of rehabilitation and restoration of order in various provinces. Egypt was eventually reunified within a new paradigm of kingship. The process of recovery depended on capable provincial administrators, the deployment of the idea of justice, irrigation projects, and an administrative reform.
Mesopotamia
The Akkadian Empire — which in 2300 B.C. was the first to subsume independent societies into a single state — was brought low by a wide-ranging, centuries-long drought. Around 2150 BC, the
Guti, which originally inhabited the
Zagros Mountains, defeated the demoralized Akkadian army, took
Akkad, and destroyed it around 2115 BC.
The drought is also likely to have caused large-scale migration of
Amorite tribes into Mesopotamia.
Arabian peninsula
In the Arabian Gulf region, there's a sudden change in settlement pattern, style of pottery and tombs at this time. The 22nd century BC drought marks the end of the
Umm al-Nar period and the change to the
Wadi Suq period.
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